Miriam Liss and Holly Schiffrin, along with former student Kathryn Rizzo, recently had a paper titled “Maternal Guilt and Shame: The Role of Self Discrepancy and Fear of Negative Evaluation” published in the November 2013 issue of the Journal of Child and Family Studies. This study found that women who had a gap between their perception of their own parenting traits and those they prescribed to the “ideal mother” had higher levels of guilt and shame. Women who feared the negative evaluation of others had particularly high levels of shame when they experienced the discrepancy between actual and ideal parenting styles.